![]() ![]() Overall, the findings of pertinent studies are difficult to generalize because of heterogeneous patient groups, different traumatic events, diagnostic criteria, and study designs. Prevention and treatment methods for PTSD vary from psychological interventions to pharmacological medications. The morphological alternation of subcortical brain structures may also correlate with PTSD symptoms. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, immune response, or even genetic discrepancy. Generally, PTSD is diagnosed according to several clusters of symptoms occurring after exposure to extreme stressors. There are several diagnostic guidelines for PTSD, with the most recent editions of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 being best accepted. This study is a selective review of literature aiming to provide a general outlook of the current understanding of PTSD. This disorder can result in a disturbance to individual and family functioning, causing significant medical, financial, and social problems. Significant symptom-related distress or functional impairment (e.g., social, occupational).ĭisturbance is not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic impairment disorder that occurs after exposure to traumatic events. ![]() Persistence of above symptoms for more than one month. Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the traumatic event: (two required) Constricted affect: persistent inability to experience positive emotions.Ĭriterion E: alterations in arousal and reactivity.Feeling alienated from others (e.g., detachment or estrangement).Markedly diminished interest in (pre-traumatic) significant activities.Persistent negative trauma-related emotions (e.g., fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame).Persistent distorted blame of self or others for causing the traumatic event or for resulting consequences.Persistent (and often distorted) negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world (e.g., “I am bad, ” “The world is completely dangerous”).Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event (usually dissociative amnesia, not due to head injury, alcohol, or drugs).Negative alterations in cognitions and mood that began or worsened after the traumatic event: (two required) Trauma-related external reminders (e.g., people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations).Ĭriterion D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood.Persistent effortful avoidance of distressing trauma-related stimuli after the event: (one required) Marked physiologic reactivity after exposure to trauma-related stimuli.Intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders. ![]() Note: Children may reenact the event in play.
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